First observation of true vivipary in Grindelia squarrosa (Asteraceae)

Abstract In flowering plants, true vivipary is defined as the precocious seed germination and growth of embryo to a considerable size before dispersal. True occurs mostly in mangroves very rare Asteraceae . this study, we present first observation Grindelia squarrosa , North American member from new locality Poland. We examined 50 fruiting capitula which were collected October 2020 Brzegi, southern occurred 90% capitula; however, number germinated seeds was low (3.42 on average) variable (CV = 106%). Seed found only fruits developed disc flowers. presumed that G induced by prolonged rainfall. The importance naturalization invasion well involvement viviparous seedlings autochory should be further explored.